Artifact geochemistry demonstrates long-distance voyaging in the Polynesian Outliers.

Although the peopling of Remote Oceania is well-documented as a general process of eastward migrations from Island Southeast Asia and Near Oceania toward the archipelagos of Remote Oceania, the origin and the development of Polynesian societies in the Western Pacific (Polynesian Outliers), far away from the Polynesian triangle, remain unclear. Here, we present a large-scale geochemical sourcing study of stone artifacts excavated from archeological sites in central Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and the Caroline Islands and provide unambiguous evidence of multiple long-distance voyages, with exotic stone materials being transported up to 2500 kilometers from their source. Our results emphasize high mobility in the Western Pacific during the last millennium CE and offer insights on the scale and timing of contacts between the Polynesian Outliers, their neighbors in the Western Pacific, and societies of Western Polynesia.

Effects of Occupational Therapy Program Based on Active Meditation on Hair Cortisol Levels in Undergraduate Healthcare Students.

Methods: Undergraduate students from the University of Chile's health careers were divided at random into control (n = 7) and treated groups (n = 15). The treated group participated in an active meditation program once a week for three months. This treatment included different techniques such as Chakra Sounds, Nataraj, Mandala, Kundalini, Devavani, Gourishankar, and Nadabrahma. Hair samples were taken before and after the treatment period to measure cortisol. Results: The control group increased cortisol level 168.9 ± 76.8 pg/mg compared with initial levels. The treated group shows a decrease of initial cortisol values in 28.5 ± 12.8 pg/mg after meditation protocol application. Conclusions: Blending active meditation in students' daily routine through occupational therapy intervention might prevent undergraduate students' stress in healthcare careers.

The Porphyrias.

The porphyrias are clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous, predominantly hereditary metabolic diseases, which are caused by a dysfunction of specific enzymes in heme biosynthesis. Here, we provide an overview of the etiopathogenesis, clinic, differential diagnosis, laboratory diagnostics and therapy of these complex metabolic disorders and cover in detail the most common form of porphyria worldwide (porphyria cutanea tarda), the most frequent childhood porphyria (erythropoietic protoporphyria), and the most common neurocutaneous porphyria (variegate porphyria).

Discurso y micropoder en la intervención con personas mayores con delirium hospitalizadas: reflexión en torno a las narrativas ausentes / Discourse and micropower in the intervention with hospitalized elderly people with delirium: reflection on absent narratives

Resumen Este ensayo analiza ¿cómo son las interacciones entre las personas mayores (PM) hospitalizadas con delirium y el personal de salud? Para reflexionar en la construcción de estas interacciones, nos basamos en el filósofo Michel Foucault, en su presentación y libro del "Orden del Discurso", donde consideramos como las relaciones sociales de micropoder pueden presentarse en diversos contextos, dialogando la interacción descrita desde las estrategias y tácticas de exclusión del discurso. Enfocamos sobre i) la razón y la locura, al identificar en las PM hospitalizadas con delirium, una narrativa desde el trastorno neurocognitivo, presentando una experiencia de aislamiento y por otro lado ii) el personal de salud, que se basa en determinar lo verdadero de lo falso, utilizando su conocimientos y tácticas desde el proceso de diagnóstico e intervención, el cual no logra recoger las experiencias de las PM con delirium. Por último, proponemos desde el realismo agencial una nueva construcción del fenómeno, que integre el conocimiento del personal de salud y la experiencia de las PM con delirium.

Abstract In this essay, we analyze the interactions between elderly people (EP) hospitalized with delirium and the health team. To reflect on the construction of these interactions we rely on the philosopher Michel Foucault, in his presentation and book "Order of Discourse", where we consider how micro-power social relations can be presented in various contexts, landing the interaction described from the strategies and discourse exclusion tactics. It is emphasized mainly i) reason and insanity, identified in EP hospitalized with delirium, which may have a narrative from the neurocognitive disorder, presenting an experience of isolation; on the other hand ii) the health team is based on determining what is true from what is false, using its knowledge and tactics from the process of diagnosis and intervention, which cannot collect the experiences of EP with delirium. Finally, we propose a new construction of the phenomenon from agency realism that integrates the knowledge of the health team and the experience of the EP with delirium.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the anatomy of the maxillary artery using the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist.

BACKGROUND: The maxillary artery (MA) is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and through its branches, it is responsible for vascularizing several organs and muscles of the head and neck, including their surrounding soft tissues, the oral and sinonasal cavities, dura mater, and various cranial nerves. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of maxillary artery anatomy according to the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search through PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, Springerlink, WILEY and BIREME databases. We applied the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist for analysis the methodological quality of the articles. RESULTS: From a total of 11,759 articles found in the first search, and after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, in addition to eliminating duplicate articles, a final number of 24 articles were identified. The information on the maxillary artery was analyzed from each study regarding its course in relation to the lateral pterygoid muscle, the intra- and extraluminal diameters of the maxillary artery and its branches, and the types of branching of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa. CONCLUSION: From this study, it was possible to conclude the importance of anatomical knowledge of the maxillary artery, for its application in the clinical study of the head and neck, as well as the need to apply the AQUA checklist in the development of systematic anatomical reviews to ensure accurate reliability and a better assessment of the effect of anatomical publications.

Effects of active meditation on physical and psycho-emotional stress indicators in Chilean health sciences students. A pilot study / Efectos de la meditación activa en indicadores físicos y psicoemocionales de estrés en estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud en Chile. Un estudio piloto

Abstract Introduction: The multiple academic demands in the university environment generate high levels of stress among students. Although said stress may be useful to meet such demands, in many cases, it can have a negative impact on their health. Objective: To assess whether the implementation of active meditation in the daily routine of health sciences university students impacts their physical and psycho-emotional stress indicators. Materials and methods: Exploratory and quantitative pilot study carried out in a sample of 22 university students who agreed to participate in a 3-month active meditation elective course (18 sessions). Participants were asked to fill out the Global State Perception Questionnaire (CPGE) ex-ante and ex-post taking the course. Results: 18 participants completed the GSPC ex-ante and ex-post, but only 16 were valid for data processing. Most students reported an improvement in their perception of coping with different stressful situations after completing the course. For example, 87.5% reported remaining in a relaxed state during stressful situations, 81% stated feeling decreased mental exhaustion, and 81% said they were better at handling stressful situations. Conclusions: The implementation of active meditation in the daily routine of this group of university students decreased their physical and psycho-emotional indicators of stress. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out new studies with larger samples to confirm the positive effect of this type of course on the health of university students, which will undoubtedly lead to better academic performance as a result of a better mental state.

Resumen Introducción. Las múltiples exigencias académicas a las que los estudiantes universitarios se enfrentan les generan altos niveles de estrés; si bien el estrés puede ayudarles a afrontar tales exigencias, en muchos casos este puede causarles diversos problemas de salud. Objetivo. Evaluar si la implementación de la meditación activa en la rutina diaria de estudiantes universitarios de las ciencias de la salud tiene un efecto en sus indicadores físicos y psicoemocionales. Materiales y métodos. Estudio piloto exploratorio y cuantitativo realizado en una muestra de 22 estudiantes universitarios que aceptaron participar en un curso electivo de meditación activa de 3 meses (18 sesiones). A los participantes se les solicitó diligenciar el Cuestionario de Percepción Global de Estado (CPGE) ex ante y ex post al curso. Resultados. 18 participantes completaron el CPGE ex ante y ex post, pero solo 16 fueron válidos para el procesamiento de datos. La mayoría de los estudiantes reportó una mejora respecto a su percepción sobre cómo enfrentar diferentes situaciones estresantes luego de completar el curso, por ejemplo, el 87.5% manifestó permanecer en un estado de relajación en situaciones estresantes; el 81%, una disminución del agotamiento mental, y el 81%, un mejor manejo de las situaciones estresantes. Conclusiones. La incorporación de la meditación activa en la rutina diaria de estos estudiantes disminuyó sus indicadores físicos y psicoemocionales de estrés, por lo que es necesario realizar nuevos estudios con muestras más grandes que permitan confirmar el efecto positivo de este tipo de cursos en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios, lo que sin duda repercutirá en un mejor rendimiento académico producto de un mejor estado mental.

Diseño de un modelo de asistencia personal breve para personas con discapacidad intelectual en Chile / Design of a short personal assistance model for people with intellectual disabilities in Chile

La asistencia personal para personas con discapacidad intelectual puede contribuir a la aplicación de los nuevos paradigmas de autodeterminación e inclusión social y a una mejora de la calidad de vida. Mediante revisión de la literatura y un análisis con expertos profesionales, expertos por experiencia y potenciales usuarios, se elaboró un modelo breve de asistencia personal para ser ejecutado por agentes comunitarios con supervisión profesional. El modelo considera actividades en los espacios habituales de las personas y sus familias, con apoyo para el uso de recursos formales e informales de la comunidad y el refuerzo de redes de apoyo que continúen operando una vez que termine la intervención. Con una duración de 9 meses, el modelo se desarrolla mediante un proceso de 3 etapas: 1) establecimiento de vínculo y elaboración de un plan individualizado, 2) implementación del plan y 3) refuerzo de los aprendizajes de los participantes y traspaso a redes de apoyo. Se discute la factibilidad de la aplicación del modelo en países latinoamericanos y la necesidad de realizar estudios que evalúen su implementación

Personal assistance for people with intellectual disabilities can contribute to the application of the new paradigms of self-determination and social inclusion and to an improvement in the quality of life. Through a literature review and analysis with professional experts, experts from experience and potential users, a brief model of personal assistance was developed to be executed by community agents with professional supervision. The model considers activities in the usual spaces of people and their families, with support for the use of community formal and informal resources and the reinforcement of social support networks that continue operating once the intervention ends. With duration of 9 months, the model is developed through a 3-stage process: 1) engagement and formulation of an individualized plan, 2) implementation of the plan, and 3) participants' learning reinforcement and transfer to support networks. The feasibility of the model in Latin American countries and the need for studies to evaluate its implementation are discussed

Comparison of impulse oscillometry and spirometry for detection of airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, mannitol, and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation in children.

BACKGROUND: Forced expiratory maneuvers are usually difficult in young children. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) requires no active cooperation, is noninvasive, rapid, and easy to perform. This study aimed to compare IOS indexes and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in children for the assessment of bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine, mannitol, and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH). MATERIALS: Children aged 3-14 years (mean 10.0 ± 3.1) with symptoms suggestive of asthma were recruited. IOS measurements were taken before spirometry. Methacholine, mannitol, and EVH tests were performed without a specific order. RESULTS: We included 190 children, whose mean age was 10.0 ± 3.1 years. Changes in FEV1 correlated significantly with variation in IOS indexes (P < .05). The indexes with the greatest discriminative capacity were Z5, R5, and X5. Optimal cut-offs were: for methacholine tests, ≧22% in R5, ≧82% for reactance area (AX), and ≦41% for X5; for the mannitol test, ≧18% in R5, ≧40% in AX, and ≦21% for X5. In the EVH test, ≧23% for R5, ≧40% for AX, and a fall of 29% for X5. When using the optimal cut-off points obtained from IOS, the mean number of steps and doses required for methacholine and mannitol tests to induce significant bronchoconstriction were significantly lower compared with spirometry ( P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of R5, X5, and AX indexes were comparable to FEV1 in assessing bronchial obstruction during bronchial challenge testing. Therefore, IOS may be useful in assessing bronchial obstruction in children who cannot reliably perform spirometric maneuvers during bronchial challenge testing.

Selection of Competitive and Efficient Rhizobia Strains for White Clover.

The practice of inoculating forage legumes with rhizobia strains is widespread. It is assumed that the inoculated strain determines the performance of the symbiosis and nitrogen fixation rates. However, native-naturalized strains can be competitive, and actual nodule occupancy is often scarcely investigated. In consequence, failures in establishment, and low productivity attributed to poor performance of the inoculant may merely reflect the absence of the inoculated strain in the nodules. This study lays out a strategy followed for selecting a Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii strain for white clover (Trifolium repens) with competitive nodule occupancy. First, the competitiveness of native-naturalized rhizobia strains selected for their efficiency to fix N2 in clover and tagged with gusA was evaluated in controlled conditions with different soils. Second, three of these experimental strains with superior nodule occupancy plus the currently recommended commercial inoculant, an introduced strain, were tested in the field in 2 years and at two sites. Plant establishment, herbage productivity, fixation of atmospheric N2 (15N natural abundance), and nodule occupancy (ERIC-PCR genomic fingerprinting) were measured. In both years and sites, nodule occupancy of the native-naturalized experimental strains was either higher or similar to that of the commercial inoculant in both primary and secondary roots. The difference was even greater in stolon roots nodules, where nodule occupancy of the native-naturalized experimental strains was at least five times greater. The amount of N fixed per unit plant mass was consistently higher with native-naturalized experimental strains, although the proportion of N derived from atmospheric fixation was similar for all strains. Plant establishment and herbage production, as well as clover contribution in oversown native grasslands, were either similar or higher in white clover inoculated with the native-naturalized experimental strains. These results support the use of our implemented strategy for developing a competitive inoculant from native-naturalized strains.

The extracellular proteome of two Bifidobacterium species reveals different adaptation strategies to low iron conditions.

BACKGROUND: Bifidobacteria are among the first anaerobic bacteria colonizing the gut. Bifidobacteria require iron for growth and their iron-sequestration mechanisms are important for their fitness and possibly inhibit enteropathogens. Here we used combined genomic and proteomic analyses to characterize adaptations to low iron conditions of B. kashiwanohense PV20-2 and B. pseudolongum PV8-2, 2 strains isolated from the feces of iron-deficient African infants and selected for their high iron-sequestering ability. RESULTS: Analyses of the genome contents revealed evolutionary adaptation to low iron conditions. A ferric and a ferrous iron operon encoding binding proteins and transporters were found in both strains. Remarkably, the ferric iron operon of B. pseudolongum PV8-2 is not found in other B. pseudolongum strains and likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer. The genome B. kashiwanohense PV20-2 harbors a unique region encoding genes putatively involved in siderophore production. Additionally, the secretomes of the two strains grown under low-iron conditions were analyzed using a combined genomic-proteomic approach. A ferric iron transporter was found in the secretome of B. pseudolongum PV8-2, while ferrous binding proteins were detected in the secretome of B. kashiwanohense PV20-2, suggesting different strategies to take up iron in the strains. In addition, proteins such as elongation factors, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the stress proteins GroEL and DnaK were identified in both secretomes. These proteins have been previously associated with adhesion of lactobacilli to epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Analyses of the genome and secretome of B. kashiwanohense PV20-2 and B. pseudolongum PV8-2 revealed different adaptations to low iron conditions and identified extracellular proteins for iron transport. The identified extracellular proteins might be involved in competition for iron in the gastrointestinal tract.

Revisión bibliográfica y propuesta de guía de manejo para la prevención y rehabilitación de pilotos con predisposición a la aparición de cinetosis / Bibliographic review and guide proposal for the prevention and rehabilitation of pilots predisposed to the appearance of motion sickness

Introducción: La aerocinetosis se caracteriza por la aparición de una sintomatología variada que incluye náuseas y vómitos, mareos, palidez, sudoración, malestar gástrico y en casos más graves alteraciones de la conciencia. Dichos síntomas pueden mantenerse a lo largo de los días aun habiendo acabado la exposición, si la misma fue mantenida en el tiempo. Cuando se presenta en tripulantes puede resultar inhabilitante para la actividad. Objetivos: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica que cuenta con información obtenida de múltiples fuentes siendo la más importante la que se obtuvo a través de la experiencia personal no solo del autor sino de los especialistas consultados. Material y Método: Describir los aspectos generales del equilibrio en los seres humanos. Describir las principales características de la aerocinetosis. Proponer una guía de manejo para la prevención y rehabilitación de pilotos con predisposición a la aparición de cinetosis. Conclusión: Se realizó en este trabajo una revisión exhaustiva del tema y se aborda la actitud preventiva y terapéutica a seguir, la cual está orientada a brindar información, identificar los síntomas y/o signos y llevar a cabo estrategias de entrenamiento y adaptación al movimiento que le permitirá al piloto que se ve afectado continuar con su actividad de forma adecuada

Introduction: Kinetosis is characterized by the appearance of a varied symptomatology including nausea and vomiting, dizziness, paleness, sweating, gastric discomfort and in more severe cases alterations of consciousness. These symptoms can be maintained throughout the days even if the exposure is finished, if the same was maintained in the time. When it occurs in crew members it can be disabling for the activity. Objectives: To describe the general aspects of balance in humans. Describe the main characteristics of aerocinetosis. To propose a management guide for the prevention and rehabilitation of pilots with predisposition to the onset of motion sickness. Material and method: This is a bibliographical review that has information obtained from multiple sources, the most important of which was obtained through the personal experience of the specialists consulted. Conclusions: A comprehensive review of the topic was carried out and the preventive and therapeutic attitude to be followed, which is aimed at providing information, identifying symptoms and signs and carrying out strategies of training and adaptation to the movement will allow the pilot who is affected to continue his activity properly.

High Iron-Sequestrating Bifidobacteria Inhibit Enteropathogen Growth and Adhesion to Intestinal Epithelial Cells In vitro.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in host health, in particular by its barrier effect and competition with exogenous pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the competition of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum PV8-2 (Bp PV8-2) and Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense PV20-2 (Bk PV20-2), isolated from anemic infant gut microbiota and selected for their high iron sequestration properties, was investigated against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhi) and Escherichia coli O157:H45 (EHEC) by using co-culture tests and assays with intestinal cell lines. Single and co-cultures were carried out anaerobically in chemically semi-defined low iron (1.5 µM Fe) medium (CSDLIM) without and with added ferrous iron (30 µM Fe). Surface properties of the tested strains were measured by bacterial adhesion to solvent xylene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and to extracellular matrix molecules, mucus II, collagen I, fibrinogen, fibronectin. HT29-MTX mucus-secreting intestinal cell cultures were used to study bifidobacteria competition, inhibition and displacement of the enteropathogens. During co-cultures in CSDLIM we observed strain-dependent inhibition of bifidobacterial strains on enteropathogens, independent of pH, organic acid production and supplemented iron. Bp PV8-2 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited S. Typhi N15 and EHEC after 24 h compared to single culture growth. In contrast Bk PV20-2 showed less inhibition on S. Typhi N15 than Bp PV8-2, and no inhibition on EHEC. Affinity for intestinal cell surface glycoproteins was strain-specific, with high affinity of Bp PV8-2 for mucin and Bk PV20-2 for fibronectin. Bk PV20-2 showed high adhesion potential (15.6 ± 6.0%) to HT29-MTX cell layer compared to Bp PV8-2 (1.4 ± 0.4%). In competition, inhibition and displacement tests, Bp PV8-2 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced S. Typhi N15 and EHEC adhesion, while Bk PV20-2 was only active on S. Typhi N15 adhesion. To conclude, bifidobacterial strains selected for their high iron binding properties inhibited S. Typhi N15 and EHEC in co-culture experiments and efficiently competed with the enteropathogens on mucus-producing HT29-MTX cell lines. Further studies in complex gut ecosystems should explore host protection effects of Bp PV8-2 and Bk PV20-2 mediated by nutritional immunity mechanism associated with iron-binding.

Análisis de los efectos de la hipoxia en 236 pilotos durante el entrenamiento fisiológico en cámara hipobárica / Analysis of the effects of hypoxy in 236 pilots during physiological training in hyperbaric chamber

Introducción: La hipoxia se define como un estado de deficiencia de oxígeno en el organismo. La reducción de la presión parcial de oxigeno como consecuencia de la reducción de la presión atmosférica con la altitud, establece la hipoxia hipobárica, cuyos síntomas pueden ser estudiados durante el entrenamiento fisiológico de altura. Dicha prueba es una herramienta fundamental, para entrenar a los pilotos mediante equipos en tierra que simulan fielmente las condiciones de un vuelo real, con el propósito de que aprendan a reconocer los síntomas y entrenen la forma de manejarlos cuando estén en vuelo. Ejemplo de este tipo de entrenamiento es el realizado en la cámara de altitud o hipobárica. Objetivos: Analizar los efectos de la hipoxia hipobárica en 236 pilotos de avión. Material y Método: Se tomaron los datos estadísticos de los archivos del departamento de investigación del INMAE de pilotos militares sometidos a la prueba de hipoxia en la cámara hipobárica. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, el criterio de inclusión fue de pilotos militares activos sometidos a prueba de hipoxia en cámara hipobárica a una altura de 27.500 que presentaron al menos un síntoma durante la prueba, la muestra final incluyó a 236 casos. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 236 pilotos de avión, todos ellos fueron hombres, las edades oscilaron entre 20 y 55 años, la edad media fue de 32 (31,76) años +/-6.8. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: calor en general (41.5%), describieron calor en todo el cuerpo y en zonas específicas de las cuales la más frecuente fue la cara (55% del total de calor)le siguieron las manos y las plantas de los pies, parestesias (11.8%), vértigo (9.7%), definida como la dificultad respiratoria con sensación de falta de aires la disnea se presentó en cuarto lugar (8.9%) y también se describieron alteraciones de la visión (7.2%) tales como visión nublada, visión en túnel y visión negra. En cuanto al TUC osciló entre 43 y 226 segundos, el promedio fue de 119 segundos. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron Calor sobre todo en la cara, manos y pies, parestesias, vértigo, disnea, alteraciones de la visión, palpitaciones, sudoración, temblor, cianosis, dolor de cabeza, alteraciones cognitivas. El TUC osciló entre 43 y 226 segundos, el promedio fue de 119 segundos. Al comparar el TUC con los grupos de edades establecidos (mayores y menores de 40 años), existe diferencia entre el promedio de los menores de 40 años (121 segundos) y mayores de esa edad (110 segundos) que habla a favor de una relación inversa entre ambas variables, es decir, a mayor edad menor TUC, estadísticamente obtuvimos, con una probabilidad entre 98 y 99 %, que después de los 40 años el tuc disminuye aproximadamente 10%.

Introduction: Hypoxia is defined as a state of oxygen deficiency in the body. The reduction of the oxygen partial pressure as a consequence of the reduction of the atmospheric pressure with the altitude, establishes the hypobaric hypoxia, whose symptoms can be studied during the physiological training of height. This test is a fundamental tool to train pilots using ground equipment that faithfully simulate the conditions of a real flight, so that they learn to recognize the symptoms and train how to handle them when they are in flight. An example of this type of training is that performed in the altitude or hypobaric chamber. Objectives: To analyze the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on 236 aircraft pilots. Material and method: Statistical data were taken from the files of the INMAE research department of military pilots subjected to hypoxia testing in the hypobaric chamber. A retrospective, descriptive study was performed. The inclusion criterion was that of active military pilots who underwent a hypoxia test in a hypobaric chamber at a height of 27,500 who presented at least one symptom during the test. The final sample included 236 cases. Results: We analyzed the data of 236 airplane pilots, all of them men, the ages ranged from 20 to 55 years, the average age was 32 years. The most frequent symptoms were: heat in general, described heat throughout the body and in specific areas of which the most frequent was the face followed by the hands and soles of the feet, paresthesias, vertigo, defined as respiratory difficulty with Sensation of shortness of breath, dyspnea presented in fourth place and also described alterations of vision such as cloudy vision, tunnel vision and black visión Useful time of consciousness (UTC) ranged from 43 to 226 seconds, averaging 119 seconds. Conclusions: The most frequent symptoms were: heat, the most frequent was the face followed by the hands and soles of the feet, paresthesias, vertigo, dyspnea, sweat, palpitations, tremors, cyanosis, headache, cognitive alterations. Useful time of consciousness (UTC) ranged from 43 to 226 seconds, averaging 119 seconds. When comparing UTC with established age groups (older and younger than 40 years), we obtained, with a probability of 98-99%, that after 40 years UTC decreased by approximately 10%.

Comparación del contenido calórico de la leche materna fresca y congelada utilizando el método del crematocrito, en población residente de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia / Comparison of calorie content of fresh and frozen milk usig the crematocrito method, in high altitude resident population, La Paz, Bolivia

El estudio del valor calórico de la leche materna es de gran importancia en las primeras etapas de crecimiento del niño. El uso del crematocrito, permite determinar el aporte energético de la leche materna. PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: ¿Cuál será el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso de leche, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015?. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Determinar el contenido calórico de leche materna, a partir de un volumen preciso, medido a través de la técnica del crematocrito, en muestras de leche fresca y congelada, en población de gran altitud, La Paz, Bolivia, gestión 2015. METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo transversal, en 43 muestras de leche materna fresca y 43 muestras de leche post congelación entre - 8a -20°C, provenientes de muestras de leche de madres en niños menores de 2 años, de zonas periurbana de la ciudad de La Paz, a 3700 metros de altitud. RESULTADOS: La diferencia promedio del valor de crematocrito medido en muestras de leche materna fresca y congelada, es de 1.4 ± 1.2%, y la diferencia en contenido calórico es de 90.2 kcal. Conclusiones: Se ha demostrado que existe una disminución del contenido de grasa y el aporte calórico en muestras de leche materna congelada en comparación con muestras de leche fresca, esta reducción fue mayor en las muestras con mayor cantidad de tiempo de congelación.

The study of the caloric value of breast milk is ofgreat importance in the early stages ofgrowth of the child. The crematocrito usage permits, to determine the energy contribution of breast milk. RESEARCH QUESTION: What will be the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume of milk, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: To determine the calorie content of breast milk from a precise volume, measured by the technique of crematocrito in samples of fresh and frozen milk in population of high altitude, La Paz, Bolivia, term 2015. METHODOLOGY: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, 43 samples of fresh milk and 43 milk samples after freezing at - the 8th -20 ° C, from milk samples from mothers in children under 2 years of periurban areas of the city of La Paz, at 3700 meters altitude. RESULTS: The average difference of crematocrito value measured in samples of fresh and frozen breast milk is 1.4 ± 1.2 percent, and the difference in calorie content is 90.2 kcal. CONCLUSIONS: It has been shown that there is a decrease in fat and caloric intake in samples of frozen breast milk samples compared to fresh milk, this reduction was greater in samples with greater amount of freezing time.

Bifidobacteria strains isolated from stools of iron deficient infants can efficiently sequester iron.

BACKGROUND: Bifidobacteria is one of the major gut commensal groups found in infants. Their colonization is commonly associated with beneficial effects to the host through mechanisms like niche occupation and nutrient competition against pathogenic bacteria. Iron is an essential element necessary for most microorganisms, including bifidobacteria and efficient competition for this micronutrient is linked to proliferation and persistence. For this research we hypothesized that bifidobacteria in the gut of iron deficient infants can efficiently sequester iron. The aim of the present study was to isolate bifidobacteria in fecal samples of iron deficient Kenyan infants and to characterize siderophore production and iron internalization capacity. RESULTS: Fifty-six bifidobacterial strains were isolated by streaking twenty-eight stool samples from Kenyan infants, in enrichment media. To target strains with high iron sequestration mechanisms, a strong iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl was supplemented to the agar media. Bifidobacterial isolates were first identified to species level by 16S rRNA sequencing, yielding B. bifidum (19 isolates), B. longum (15), B. breve (11), B. kashiwanohense (7), B. pseudolongum (3) and B. pseudocatenulatum (1). While most isolated bifidobacterial species are commonly encountered in the infantile gut, B. kashiwanohense was not frequently reported in infant feces. Thirty strains from culture collections and 56 isolates were characterized for their siderophore production, tested by the CAS assay. Siderophore activity ranged from 3 to 89% siderophore units, with 35 strains (41%) exhibiting high siderophore activity, and 31 (36%) and 20 (23%) showing intermediate or low activity. The amount of internalized iron of 60 bifidobacteria strains selected for their siderophore activity, was in a broad range from 8 to118 µM Fe. Four strains, B. pseudolongum PV8-2, B. kashiwanohense PV20-2, B. bifidum PV28-2a and B. longum PV5-1 isolated from infant stool samples were selected for both high siderophore activity and iron internalization. CONCLUSIONS: A broad diversity of bifidobacteria were isolated in infant stools using iron limited conditions, with some strains exhibiting high iron sequestration properties. The ability of bifidobacteria to efficiently utilize iron sequestration mechanism such as siderophore production and iron internalization may confer an ecological advantage and be the basis for enhanced competition against enteropathogens.

Complete and Assembled Genome Sequence of Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense PV20-2, Isolated from the Feces of an Anemic Kenyan Infant.

The complete genome sequence of Bifidobacterium kashiwanohense strain PV20-2, an infant feces isolate, was determined using single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT). Hierarchical genome assembly resulted in a completely assembled genome of 2,370,978 bp. The B. kashiwanohense PV20-2 genome is the first completely sequenced and assembled genome of the species.

Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Strain PV8-2, Isolated from a Stool Sample of an Anemic Kenyan Infant.

The complete genome sequence of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum PV8-2, isolated from feces of an anemic Kenyan infant, was determined using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. The genome consists of a 2-Mbp chromosome and a 4-kb plasmid.

Biallelic inactivation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase and hydroxymethylbilane synthase is associated with liver cancer in acute porphyrias.

Variegate porphyria (VP) and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), the two most common types of acute porphyrias (AHPs), result from a partial deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), respectively. A rare but serious complication in the AHPs is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying pathomechanisms are yet unknown. We performed DNA sequence analysis in cancerous and non-cancerous liver tissue of a VP and an AIP patient, both with HCC. In samples of both cancerous and non-cancerous liver tissues from the patients, we identified the underlying PPOX and HMBS germline mutations, c.1082dupC and p.G111R, respectively. Additionally, we detected a second somatic mutation, only in the cancer tissue i.e., p.L416X in the PPOX gene of the VP patient and p.L220X in the HMBS gene of the AIP patient, both located in trans to the respective germline mutations. Both somatic mutations were not detected in 10 non-porphyria-associated HCCs. Our data demonstrate that in the hepatic cancer tissue of AHP patients, somatic second-hit mutations result in nearly complete inactivation of the enzymes catalyzing major steps in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Both PPOX and HMBS, which might act as tumor suppressors, play a crucial role in the development of HCC in these individuals.

Cuerpo, distancia y prácticas institucionales: una revisión crítica de su evolución histórica en Chile / Body, disability and institutional practices: a critical view of their historical development in Chile

Desde una perspectiva genealógica, esta investigación aborda dos momentos históricos, cuyo objetivo es figurar diferentes tratamientos de cuerpos y contextos de personas con discapacidad en la institucionalidad chilena. El primero tiene relación con la normalización de lo corporal como fuerza de trabajo y la consolidación del modelo médico/rehabilitador de la discapacidad en la política médico legal, de 1920 a 1940. En dicho estudio de caso, la intervención se centró, sobre el cuerpo en relación a su ser productivo. El segundo estudio de caso, concierne a la configuración corporal mediática de la discapacidad infantilizada y trágica, estableciendo la asistencia privada y caritativa de la discapacidad, entre 1940 a 1950, se trató de la discapacidad asociada a una economía de imágenes de vulnerabilidad con primacía del cuerpo infantil. La metodología se desarrolla en base a estudios de casos cualitativos, que a partir de la revisión de bibliografía, prensa y archivos, se realiza un análisis descriptivo e interpretativo crítico de los datos. Se expresan como resultados la actual coexistencia de modelos corporales/institucionales. Esta revisión permite una reflexión crítica de la intervención psicosocial hacia las personas en situación de discapacidad a la luz de las configuraciones institucionales y sus efectos en las prácticas interventivas.

From a genealogical perspective this research addresses two historical moments, which aims to include different treatments of bodies and contexts of people with disabilities in the Chilean institutions. The first relates to the normalization of the body as a work force and consolidating the medical / rehabilitation model of disability in the legal medical policy from 1920 to 1940. In this case study, the intervention focused on the body relative to its productive being. The second case study concerns the media infantilized body configuration and tragic disability, establishing private charitable assistance and disability, between 1940-1950, was treated in the disability associated with an economy of images of vulnerability primacy of the body child. The methodology is based on qualitative case studies, which from the review of literature, media and files, a critical descriptive and interpretive data analysis is performed. Results are expressed as the current coexistence of personal / institutional models. This patch enables a critical reflection of psychosocial intervention for persons with disabilities in light of institutional settings and their effects on interventional practices.